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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i><span lang="en">Signal Protocol</span></i></h1>
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<p>Le <i><b><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Signal Protocol</span></b></i>, anciennement connu sous le nom de <i><b><span class="lang-en" lang="en">TextSecure Protocol</span></b></i>, est un <a href="Protocole_cryptographique" title="Protocole cryptographique">protocole cryptographique</a> non-<a href="F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_(informatique)" title="Fédération (informatique)">fédéré</a> pouvant être utilisé pour <a href="Chiffrement_de_bout_en_bout" title="Chiffrement de bout en bout">chiffrer de bout en bout</a> des appels vocaux et vidéo<sup id="cite_ref-signal-video-calls-beta_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-signal-video-calls-beta-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ainsi que des conversations par <a href="Messagerie_instantan%C3%A9e" title="Messagerie instantanée">messagerie instantanée</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ermoshina-2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ermoshina-2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Il a été développé par <i><a href="Open_Whisper_Systems" title="Open Whisper Systems">Open Whisper Systems</a></i> en 2013<sup id="cite_ref-Ermoshina-2016_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ermoshina-2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> et a été introduit pour la première fois dans l'<a href="Application_(informatique)" title="Application (informatique)">application</a> <i><a href="Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> <a href="TextSecure" title="TextSecure">TextSecure</a></i>, devenue par la suite <i><a href="Signal_(application)" title="Signal (application)">Signal</a></i>. Il a depuis été implémenté dans d'autres applications telles <i><a href="WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <i><a href="Facebook_Messenger" title="Facebook Messenger">Facebook Messenger</a></i> (en mode «&nbsp;conversation secrète&nbsp;») et <i><a href="Google_Allo" title="Google Allo">Google Allo</a></i> (en «&nbsp;mode incognito&nbsp;»).
</p><p>Le protocole combine l'<i><a href="Algorithme_%C3%A0_Double_Ratchet" title="Algorithme à Double Ratchet">algorithme à Double Ratchet</a></i> avec des <i>prekeys</i> et un triple <a href="%C3%89change_de_cl%C3%A9s_Diffie-Hellman" title="Échange de clés Diffie-Hellman">échange de clés Diffie-Hellman</a> (3-DH)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, ainsi que <i><a href="Curve25519" title="Curve25519">Curve25519</a>, <a href="Advanced_Encryption_Standard" title="Advanced Encryption Standard">Advanced Encryption Standard</a></i> et <i><a href="HMAC" title="HMAC">Keyed-hash message authentication code</a></i> comme <a href="Primitive_cryptographique" title="Primitive cryptographique">primitives</a><sup id="cite_ref-Frosch_2016_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frosch_2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p><p>Le protocole est open-source et sous licence GPL-3.0. Le code source est disponible sur <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2></div>

<p>Les premières versions du protocole étaient implémentées dans les applications TextSecure et RedPhone, développées par Open Whisper Systems. Après le rachat de la startup par <a href="Twitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> en 2011, le code des applications a été libéré sur GitHub<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p><p>TextSecure et RedPhone sont fusionnées en une application, <a href="Signal_(application)" title="Signal (application)">Signal</a>, en 2014. Le protocole est alors nommé Axolotl. C'est en <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-03" data-sort-value="2016-03">mars 2016</time> qu'il prend son nom actuel de Signal Protocol, par souci de clarté<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
</p><p>Les principaux développeurs du protocole, Trevor Perrin et Moxie Marlinspike, reçoivent le <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Levchin#Levchin_Prize" class="extiw external" title="en:Max Levchin">prix Levchin</a> en 2017. Le professeur d'université <a href="Dan_Boneh" title="Dan Boneh">Dan Boneh</a>, président du jury, estime que le développement du protocole a été décisif pour diffuser la <a href="Cryptologie" title="Cryptologie">cryptologie</a> au grand public, ce qui aurait pu prendre sinon <span class="citation">«&nbsp;plusieurs décennies supplémentaires&nbsp;»</span><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2></div>
<ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé <span class="">«&nbsp;<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_Protocol?oldid=794495796">Signal Protocol</a>&nbsp;» <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_Protocol?action=history">voir la liste des auteurs</a>)</small></span>.</li></ul>
<div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-signal-video-calls-beta-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-signal-video-calls-beta_1-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Marlinspike2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Moxie_Marlinspike2017"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="Moxie_Marlinspike" title="Moxie Marlinspike">Moxie Marlinspike</a>, «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whispersystems.org/blog/signal-video-calls/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Video calls for Signal out of beta</cite></a>&nbsp;», <a href="Open_Whisper_Systems" title="Open Whisper Systems">Open Whisper Systems</a>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-03-13" data-sort-value="2017-03-13">13 mars 2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-04-07" data-sort-value="2017-04-07">7 avril 2017</time>)</small></span></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ermoshina-2016-2"><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="ErmoshinaMusianiHalpin"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Ksenia Ermoshina, Francesca Musiani et Harry Halpin <span class="citation">«&nbsp;End-to-End Encrypted Messaging Protocols: An Overview&nbsp;»</span> (<time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-09" data-sort-value="2016-09">septembre 2016</time>) <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&nbsp;<span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45982-0_22">10.1007/978-3-319-45982-0_22</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-45982-0_22">lire en ligne</a>)</small><br>—<i>INSCI 2016</i><br>— <span class="ouvrage"><cite style="font-style:normal">«&nbsp;<i>(ibid.)</i>&nbsp;»</cite>, dans <cite class="italique">Internet Science</cite>, Florence, Italy, Springer <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">978-3-319-45982-0</span>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">244–254</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Internet+Science&amp;rft.atitle=%27%27%28ibid.%29%27%27&amp;rft.place=Florence%2C+Italy&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.pages=244%E2%80%93254&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASignal+Protocol"></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="noarchive">«&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923212029/http://fortune.com/40-under-40/moxie-marlinspike-31/">Moxie Marlinspike - 40 under 40</a>&nbsp;»</span>, sur <i><a href="Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a></i>, <time>2016</time> <small>(version du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-09-23" data-sort-value="2016-09-23">23 septembre 2016</time> sur <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>)</small>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#UngerDechandBonneauFahl2015">Unger <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (« et d’autres »)" lang="la">et al.</abbr></i> 2015</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&nbsp;241</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Frosch_2016-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Frosch_2016_5-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#FroschMainkaBaderBergsma2016">Frosch <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (« et d’autres »)" lang="la">et al.</abbr></i> 2016</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/signalapp"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Signal</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">GitHub</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-11-17" data-sort-value="2023-11-17">17 novembre 2023</time>)</small></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Wiener"><span class="ouvrage" id="Anna_Wiener"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Anna <span class="nom_auteur">Wiener</span>, «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/10/26/taking-back-our-privacy"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en-us">Taking Back Our Privacy</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">The New Yorker</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-01-17" data-sort-value="2021-01-17">17 janvier 2021</time>)</small></span></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Marlinspike2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Moxie_Marlinspike2016"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Moxie Marlinspike, «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://signal.org/blog/signal-inside-and-out/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en-us">Signal on the outside, Signal on the inside</cite></a>&nbsp;», sur <span class="italique">signal.org</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-03-30" data-sort-value="2016-03-30">30 mars 2016</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-01-17" data-sort-value="2021-01-17">17 janvier 2021</time>)</small></span></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h2></div>
<ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Cohn-GordonCremersDowlingGarratt2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Katriel_Cohn-GordonCas_CremersBenjamin_DowlingLuke_Garratt2016"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Katriel <span class="nom_auteur">Cohn-Gordon</span>, Cas <span class="nom_auteur">Cremers</span>, Benjamin <span class="nom_auteur">Dowling</span>, Luke <span class="nom_auteur">Garratt</span> et Douglas <span class="nom_auteur">Stebila</span>, «&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/1013.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">A Formal Security Analysis of the Signal Messaging Protocol</cite></a>&nbsp;» <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d'Adobe">[PDF]</abbr>, sur <span class="italique">Cryptology ePrint Archive</span>, International Association for Cryptologic Research (IACR), <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-10-25" data-sort-value="2016-10-25">25 octobre 2016</time></span></span></li>
<li><span class="ouvrage" id="ErmoshinaMusianiHalpin"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Ksenia Ermoshina, Francesca Musiani et Harry Halpin <span class="citation">«&nbsp;End-to-End Encrypted Messaging Protocols: An Overview&nbsp;»</span> (<time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-09" data-sort-value="2016-09">septembre 2016</time>) <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&nbsp;<span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45982-0_22">10.1007/978-3-319-45982-0_22</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-45982-0_22">lire en ligne</a>)</small><br>—<i>INSCI 2016</i><br>— <span class="ouvrage"><cite style="font-style:normal">«&nbsp;<i>(ibid.)</i>&nbsp;»</cite>, dans <cite class="italique">Internet Science</cite>, Florence, Italy, Springer <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">978-3-319-45982-0</span>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">244–254</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Internet+Science&amp;rft.atitle=%27%27%28ibid.%29%27%27&amp;rft.place=Florence%2C+Italy&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.pages=244%E2%80%93254&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASignal+Protocol"></span></span></span></li>
<li><span class="ouvrage" id="FroschMainkaBaderBergsma"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Tilman Frosch, Christian Mainka, Christoph Bader, Florian Bergsma, Jörg Schwenk et Thorsten Holz <span class="citation">«&nbsp;How Secure is TextSecure?&nbsp;»</span> (<time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-03" data-sort-value="2016-03">mars 2016</time>) <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&nbsp;<span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/EuroSP.2016.41">10.1109/EuroSP.2016.41</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7467371/">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-09-28" data-sort-value="2016-09-28">28 septembre 2016</time>)</small><br>—<i>2016 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&amp;P)</i></span></li>
<li><span class="ouvrage" id="RottermannerKiesebergHuberSchmiedecker"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Christoph Rottermanner, Peter Kieseberg, Markus Huber, Martin Schmiedecker et Sebastian Schrittwieser <span class="citation">«&nbsp;Privacy and Data Protection in Smartphone Messengers&nbsp;»</span> (<time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-12" data-sort-value="2015-12">décembre 2015</time>) <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sba-research.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/paper_drafthp.pdf">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-09-25" data-sort-value="2016-09-25">25 septembre 2016</time>)</small> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF)">[PDF]</abbr><br>—<i>Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Information Integration and Web-based Applications &amp; Services (iiWAS2015)</i></span></li>
<li><span class="ouvrage" id="UngerDechandBonneauFahl2015"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Nik Unger, Sergej Dechand, Joseph Bonneau, Sascha Fahl, Henning Perl, Ian Avrum Goldberg et Matthew Smith <span class="citation">«&nbsp;SoK: Secure Messaging&nbsp;»</span> (<time>2015</time>) <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&nbsp;<span class=" noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SP.2015.22">10.1109/SP.2015.22</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieee-security.org/TC/SP2015/papers-archived/6949a232.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF)">[PDF]</abbr><br>—<i>Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy</i></span></li></ul>
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